- Volume 13, Number 2 (2025)
THEORETICAL TENSIONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: LIBERAL AND REALIST APPROACHES TO STATE CONDUCT
Rose Thompson Emily, Alexander James Williams
Within the realm of historical international relations, the principles of liberal theory find compelling expression through the collaborative endeavors of various actors, both state and non-state, aimed at codifying international laws. These laws, crafted to safeguard civilization against transgressive actions perpetrated by nations, organizations, or individuals, stand as poignant symbols of international cooperation. Throughout history, pivotal instances such as the Geneva Conventions, the Nuremberg Trials, the International Criminal Tribunals on Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) have epitomized the collective efforts towards legal codification and enforcement on the global stage. This paper examines the...
DEMOCRACY IN PRACTICE: EVALUATING THE ROLE OF POWER-SHARING AND ELECTIONS IN ZANZIBAR
Emmanuel Joseph Ngowi, Sophia Ibrahim Maganga
Since the reinstatement of the multiparty system in Zanzibar in 1992, the electoral landscape has been marred by persistent strife and violence. Each election cycle has witnessed a concerning escalation of killings, injuries, and social unrest, reflecting deep-seated tensions within the political arena. Scholars such as Minde et al. (2018) attribute this tragic situation to the unaddressed electoral practices inherent in the multiparty system. Amidst accusations and counter-accusations among competing parties, both the incumbent and opposition factions have cast doubt on the integrity of the electoral process. This pervasive atmosphere of mistrust has led to heightened demands for the establishment...
COUPS AND CONSEQUENCES: UNDERSTANDING POWER SHIFTS IN FRANCOPHONE AFRICA
Carlos Pereira dos Santos João, Ana Luiza Oliveira Almeida
In recent years, Francophone Africa has experienced a surge in political unrest characterized by a series of coups d'état, disrupting the democratic progress achieved since the 1990s. This article delves into the underlying causes, implications, and international responses to these coups, particularly focusing on notable occurrences in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger. By employing a multidimensional analysis, encompassing political, economic, and social dynamics, the article aims to unravel the intricate factors that precipitated these coups. Understanding these complexities is imperative for devising effective strategies to address and mitigate the recurrence of such destabilizing events. Through a comprehensive examination of the...
DIPLOMATIC TIGHTROPE: KENYA’S STRATEGY BETWEEN CHINA AND TAIWAN IN THE 1990S
Emily Anne Smith
Kenya's historical narrative is characterized by significant milestones, particularly in its economic and political realms. Economically, the country has undergone a remarkable evolution since gaining independence from British colonial rule in 1963. Initially reliant on agriculture, Kenya has diversified its economy over the years, embracing various sectors to foster growth and development. This transition reflects the nation's resilience and adaptability in navigating global economic shifts. Politically, Kenya's journey has been equally intriguing, marked by pivotal shifts in governance structures. The adoption of a multi-party system in 1991 signified a significant departure from its previous political landscape, ushering in a new...
LOW WAGES AND HIGH CORRUPTION: UNPACKING ECONOMIC CHALLENGES IN SOKOTO STATE
Musa Hassan Abdulahi
Corruption remains a formidable obstacle to political, economic, and social progress across various political systems, exerting detrimental effects on development efforts and bureaucratic efficiency while eroding the credibility of governmental institutions. In the civil service sector, corruption is particularly pervasive, exerting profound impacts on the provision of public goods and services and hindering socio-economic development in affected states. This article explores the multifaceted nature of corruption within the civil service, highlighting its detrimental consequences such as the abuse of public power for private gain. Such corrupt practices directly contribute to exacerbating poverty levels and impeding economic growth and democratic transitions....